The other two HMOs approved are 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), with DSM-Firmenich, IFF, and Mengniu securing the first wave of approvals in 2023.
The EDA said the EU must focus on defending market access, supporting exporters, and avoiding escalation that could disrupt dairy markets further.
The duties, which took effect from Tuesday, 23 December 2025, range from 21.9% to 42.7%, with most affected exporters facing rates just under 30%.
The oversupply has caused raw milk prices to crash, falling below production costs.
The signing of these protocols is set to lay a solid foundation for enhancing bilateral trade and practical cooperation in the aquatic and dairy sectors between China and Estonia.